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# Heine Law Review

Journal on German law

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## Beiträge

- [Lost in Translation: Basic Rights - Climate Change](https://heinelawreview.de/lost-in-translation-basic-rights-climate-change-2/) - Transcript A. Introduction In previous instalments of “Lost in Translation”, we covered the basics concerning fundamental rights under the German constitution (GG). In march 2021, the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) issued its monumental “climate change decision” (Klimaschutzbeschluss), containing instrumental passages on various human rights aspect related to the climate. Among these were... whether the right
- [Lost in Translation: Basic Rights - Climate Change](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-basic-rights-climate-change/) - Transcript A. Introduction In previous instalments of “Lost in Translation”, we covered the basics concerning fundamental rights under the German constitution (GG). In march 2021, the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) issued its monumental “climate change decision” (Klimaschutzbeschluss), containing instrumental passages on various human rights aspect related to the climate. Among these were... whether the right
- [Lost in Translation: Theft (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-theft-part-2-2/) - Transcript D. Aggravated theft S. 243 StGB states that the penalty for theft is increased from up to five years to anywhere inbetween three months and five years in especially serious cases. This requires that a general assessment of the entire situation surrounding the deed proves it sufficiently exceeds the weight of the average offence
- [Lost in Translation: Theft (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-theft-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Introduction In German law, just like in English or American law, the criminal offence of theft describes a very specific deed much narrower in scope than the everyday use of the word may imply. Section 242: Theft (1) Whoever takes movable property belonging to another away from another with the intent of unlawfully
- [Lost in Translation: Agency and authority (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-agency-and-authority-part-2-2/) - Transcription C. Apparent authority As aforementioned, the power of the agent to represent the principal may derive from statute, from the status of an organ, or from a declaration of authorisation by the principal. In addition, it is sometimes sufficient if the third party merely assumed that the agent had been authorised. Common to all
- [Lost in Translation: Agency and authority (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-agency-and-authority-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Basic principles The German Civil Code (BGB) also includes in its codification the mechanism of one person (the agent) legally representing another (the principal). The general part of the BGB, in dealing with the fundamentals of declarations of will and legal transactions, regulates how the agent exercises their authority with legal effect for
- [Lost in Translation: How do basic rights work? (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-how-do-basic-rights-work-part-2-2/) - Transcript D. Rights of equality The German Constitution grants not just freedoms but also posits certain regards in which persons must be treated as equals. In addition to the general right of equality before the law in Art. 3(1), there are also various specific guarantees of equality concerning discrimination on grounds of sex, race, origin,
- [Lost in Translation: How do basic rights work? (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-how-do-basic-rights-work-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Introduction After its enactment in 1949, Germany’s post-war constitution and its interpretation ultimately set a new standard for the protection of individual rights. This is true not just as concerns the quality of protection itself, but also due to the clarity of what was being granted, and the highly sophisticated dogma that would
- [Lost in Translation: Self-defence](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-self-defence/) - Transcript A. Introduction S. 32 of the German Criminal Code may be considered unusually straightforward as far as the German approach to conflicts of interest is concerned: [Section 32 - Self-defence] (1) Whoever commits an act in self-defence does not act unlawfully. (2) 'Self-defence' means any defensive action which is necessary to avert a present
- [Lost in Translation: Basic rights - Human dignity and the right to life (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-basic-rights-human-dignity-and-the-right-to-life-part-2-2/) - Transcript C. Right to life Art. 2(2) sent. 1 of the German Constitution grants every person the right to life and physical integrity. Both of these rights (as most basic rights under the Grundgesetz) are first and foremost negative rights, or liberties, according to liberal-democratic constitutional theory. This means that Art. 2(2) sent. 1 primarily
- [Lost in Translation: Basic rights - Human dignity and the right to life (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-basic-rights-human-dignity-and-the-right-to-life-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Human rights in Germany German law guarantees civil and human rights most prominently in three places: Arts. 1 to 19 of the German Constitution (the Basic Law or Grundgesetz) the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its protocols, insofar as ratified and: basic rights contained in EU law. While Art. 1 expresses
- [Lost in Translation: Basic Elements of Punishability (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-basic-elements-of-punishability-part-2-2/) - Transcript C. Illegality and Guilt So far, we have examined which basic elements of a specific offence have to be typically fulfilled in order for an accusation to be, in principle, substantive. However, the perpetrator must also have acted illegally and culpably. Most offences function in a way that, if their elements are present, this
- [Lost in Translation: Basic Elements of Punishability (Part 1)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-basic-elements-of-punishability-part-1/) - Transcript: A. Introduction In German criminal law, four requirements have to be satisfied before someone may be punished for a crime: 1) The elements of a certain criminal offence must be fulfilled; 2) the deed must be illegal, i.e. there must be no justificatory defence; 3) the defendant must be guilty, i.e. responsible and acting
- [Lost in Translation: Tort Law (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-tort-law-part-2-2/) - Transcript: D. Psychological damage Both in English and German law, damages may be claimed by people suffering psychiatric harm from an intentional or negligent breach of duty. This applies both to primary victims (those directly involved in an accident) and secondary victims (those who merely witness someone else being harmed or endangered). Exactly who may
- [Lost in Translation: Tort Law (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-tort-law-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Introduction In common law, the law of torts enables civil claims for certain wrongs, entitling the claimant to damages. Similarly, liability even outside of contractual relationships is provided for by the law of unlawful acts or “delicts” (Deliktsrecht), found in sections 823 to 853 of the German Civil Code (BGB). B. System The
- [Luxembourg Report: Francovich Claims](https://heinelawreview.de/en/luxembourg-report-francovich-claims/) - Francovich claims are a mechanism in EU law established by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in order to secure the primacy of Union law. These claims are justified as "inherent in the system of the Treaty", more specifically in the direct effect of EU law, the principle of efficiency (effet utile),
- [Lost in Translation (Christmas Edition): Donations](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-christmas-edition-donations/) - Transcript A. Introduction A donation is a type of contract found in sections 516 and following of the German Civil Code (BGB). It is characterized by the gratuitous enrichment of another person. Unlike in common law, the lack of remuneration does not disqualify the donation from being a binding and enforceable contractual arrangement. The donation
- [Lost in Translation (Christmas Edition): Intoxication in German law](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-christmas-edition-intoxication-in-german-law/) - Transcript A. In contract law Drunkenness, or intoxication and addiction in general, may constitute pathological mental disturbances, preventing the free exercise of will. Addiction as a permanent state of mind leads to complete incapacity to contract acc. to s. 104 nr. 2 of the Civil Code (BGB). However, this may be limited to the purchase
- [Lost in Translation: Policing, law enforcement and public safety (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-policing-law-enforcement-and-public-safety-part-2-2/) - Transcript D. Police agencies Both repressive and preventative police functions are, in principle, exercised by the individual German states (Bundesländer). In addition to the state police forces (Landespolizei), there is also the Federal Police (Bundespolizei), in charge of the German borders, rail traffic and air traffic. Furthermore, there is the Federal Criminal Office (Bundeskriminalamt) and
- [Lost in Translation: Policing, law enforcement and public safety (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-policing-law-enforcement-and-public-safety-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Police functions In Germany, police agencies are responsible for investigating crime, enabling the work of the prosecution services and courts. This is called repressive police activity (i.e. enforcing the criminal law after it has been breached). However, in everyday life, police work is primarily preventative. B. Hazard prevention Most laws dealing with police
- [Lost in Translation: Political Parties (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-political-parties-part-2-2/) - C. Party Bans (continued) Banning a German political party according to Art. 21(2), (4) GG requires that the party aims to impair or eliminate the free and democratic constitutional order or endanger the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany. So far, there have only been two succesful bans: That of the Socialist Reich Party
- [Lost in Translation: Political Parties (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-political-parties-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Role and Regulation Parties are explicitly recognized by German constitutional law as an essential part of the political system. Among others, they ... act as conduits for diverse interests and opinions connect state and society discover and develop young talents. Article 21 of the German Constitution provides for... the free establishment of political
- [Lost in Translation: Contract Law (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-contract-law-part-2-2/) - Transcript E. Vitiating Factors Both English and German law recognize various defences to contract formation, having to do with the circumstances surrounding the agreement, or its contents (but to be distinguished from the unfairness of specific terms). Overview misrepresentation ~ Täuschung mistake ~ Irrtum duress ~ Drohung undue influence ~ (Sittenwidrigkeit) illegality ~ Gesetzeswidrigkeit. 1)
- [Lost in Translation: Contract Law (Part 1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-contract-law-part-1-2/) - Transcript A. Contract Formation Both in German civil law and in English common law, the foremost condition for a contract is that two (or more) parties manifest their willingness to enter into one. These declarations are called offer (Angebot) and acceptance (Annahme). Offer and acceptance require that, objectively, the parties presently intend to be bound
- [Lost in Translation: Image Rights (Part 2/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-image-rights-part-2-2/) - In Part 2 of this sequence, we observe which restrictions concerning the use of images are posed by the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR. Fundamentally, Art. 6(1) GDPR states that processing personal data (under which images of a person may be subsumed) requires either the consent of the other party or must be
- [Lost in Translation: Image Rights (1/2)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-image-rights-1-2/) - The regulation of the use of images by German law is partially pre-determined by the fundamental rights guarantees of the German constitution (the Grundgesetz). The general right of personality derived from Articles 1(1) and 2(1) protects, among other things, every person's right to their own image. On the European level, images are subsumed under the
- [Lost in Translation: Homicide Statutes (Part 4/4)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-homicide-statutes-part-4-4/) - S. 216 of the German Criminal Code poses another delict that can be characterised, as opposed to s. 211, as a privileged instead of a qualified form of s. 212. In cases of a killing on request or on demand (Tötung auf Verlangen), the sentence is lowered to anywhere between 6 months and 5 years.
- [Lost in Translation: Homicide Statutes (Part 3/4)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-homicide-statutes-part-3-4/) - We are finishing up our brief explanation of the nine murder criteria in s. 211 of the German Criminal Code. For the first four, see Part 2! Up next: The objective as well as the remaining two subjective murder criteria... Treachery (Heimtücke) is easily the most controversial, in part due to being one of the
- [Lost in Translation: Homicide Statutes (Part 2/4)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-homicide-statutes-part-2-4/) - Last time, we took a first look at the system behind the ss. 211 and following of the German Criminal Code, dealing with homicidal offences. We discussed how s. 211 is a qualified form of intentional homicide or Totschlag, principly treated in s. 211. "Murder" in the sense of s. 211 (Mord), on the other
- [Lost in Translation: Homicide Statutes (Part 1/4)](https://heinelawreview.de/en/lost-in-translation-homicide-statutes-part-1-4/) - German criminal law, als laid down primarily in the German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch - StGB), includes a variety of offences dealing with the killing of another person. Most notoriously, as compared to the law of other jurisdictions and even common parlance in Germany, German criminal law differentiates between mere intentional homicide and "murder" in a

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- [Home - Deutsch](https://heinelawreview.de/) - HEINE LAW REVIEW Das Law Journal aus Düsseldorf Neueste Ausgabe Die Heine Law Review Düsseldorfs eigene studentische Rechtszeitschrift Mehr herausfinden Der Beirat Unser Organ für Qualitätskontrolle Mehr Herausfinden Neueste Blogbeiträge Lost in Translation: Basic Rights – Climate Change Juli 25, 2026 Read More » Neueste Social Media Posts Unterstützer Dieses Projekt wäre nicht möglich ohne
- [Einreichungen](https://heinelawreview.de/einreichungen/) - Einreichungen Zitierrichtlinien Call for Papers Ausgabe 02/2026 Beiträge und Redakteure gesuchtReiche jetzt deinen Beitrag für die Ausgabe 2026/02 ein!Die Heine Law Review ist eine studentisch geführte, bilinguale Rechtszeitschrift an der Juristischen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Unterstützt werden wir von zahlreichen unserer Dozenten. Unser ausdrückliches Ziel ist es, eine weitere, zumindest teilweise internationale Bühne für die HHU und die
- [Submissions](https://heinelawreview.de/en/submissions/) - Submissions Citation Guidelines Call for Papers Issue 02/2026 Contributions and Editors WantedHand in your article for our issue 02/2026!Heine Law Review is a student-led, bilingual publication at the Faculty of Law at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, supported by many of our Faculty’s professors and postdoctoral researchers. We aim at opening up another, partially international
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- [Über](https://heinelawreview.de/uber/) - Über die HeineLR Unter dem Titel “Heine Law Review” (HeineLR) veröffentlichen wir im halbjährlichen Rhythmus Beiträge zum deutschen, europäischen und Völkerrecht – viele davon auf Englisch, aber allesamt kostenlos hier abrufbar. Anders als bei vielen anderen Rechtszeitschriften werden die Beiträge größtenteils von Studenten und wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigten stammen. Indem sie hervorragenden Einsendungen eine Plattform bietet, ermutigt
- [About](https://heinelawreview.de/en/about/) - ABOUT Under the designation of “Heine Law Review”, we purport to biannually publish on all areas of German, European and international law, many of which in English. In stark contrast with other law reviews, contributions will be made mostly by students and research assistants. By platforming outstanding contributions, the Heine Law Review will both encourage
- [Home](https://heinelawreview.de/en/home/) - HEINE LAW REVIEW Under the designation of “Heine Law Review”, we purport to biannually publish English-language articles on all areas of German law. These will be written exclusively for this site, not merely abridged papers produced in other contexts. In stark contrast with other law reviews, contributions will be made mostly by students and research assistants. By platforming outstanding contributions, the Heine Law Review will both encourage voluntary commitment and foster academic skill and scientific excellency.
- [Blog](https://heinelawreview.de/en/blog/) - Blog Posts Lost in Translation: Basic Rights – Climate Change Michel Hoppe Juli 25, 2026 Read More »
- [Ausgaben](https://heinelawreview.de/ausgaben/) - Ausgaben 3. Jahrgang (2026) 2. Jahrgang (2025) 1. Jahrgang (2024)
- [Issues](https://heinelawreview.de/en/issues/) - ISSUES Volume 3 (2026) Volume 2 (2025) Volume 1 (2024)
- [Wissenschaftlicher Beirat](https://heinelawreview.de/wissenschaftlicher-beirat/) - Der Beirat Jede akkurate Darstellung der Rechtslage sollte nicht nur dem Augenschein nach klar formuliert sein, sondern muss darüber hinaus der jeweiligen Rechtsordnung eigene Institute adäquat übersetzen. Zu diesem Zweck und zur Sicherung der Qualität im Allgemeinen werden sämtliche Beiträge in der Heine Law Review von einem Mitglied unseres Wissenschaftlichen Beirates begutachtet – ohne Ansehen
- [The Council](https://heinelawreview.de/en/the-council/) - THE COUNCIL We recognize that any accurate account of the law should not only be clearly phrased on the surface, but will also need to adequately translate concepts peculiar to said law. In order to ensure quality throughout, all articles will be reviewed by our Academic Advisory Council, in a procedure akin to blind peer
- [01/2026](https://heinelawreview.de/en/01-2026/) - 2026Vol. 3(1) Read full Issue 29/06/2026 Articles Johanna Lindemann Deployment of Armed Forces at Home and Abroad: Constitutional Framework and Need for Reform in Light of Democratic Resilience (P. 1 – 25) Birte Krüger How (not) to elect a Federal Constitutional Court Justice (P. 26 – 35) Lea Leidig Maternity Leave after miscarriages – a
- [02/2025](https://heinelawreview.de/en/02-2025/) - 2025Vol. 2(2) Read full Issue 19/12/2025 Editorial Rareş Chioreanu Good ol’fashioned parliamentary immunity (P. 58 – 59) Articles Denys Med Restoring Europe’s Seas: Legal Duties and Institutional Gaps in the EU Climate Framework (P. 60 – 70) Timo Spiwoks Revising the legal status of surrogacy. An evaluation having regard to bioethical principles and legal comparisons (P.
- [02/2024](https://heinelawreview.de/en/02-2024/) - 2024 Vol. 1 (2) Read full Issue Editorial Can Degistirici Is Our Legal System Able to Tackle Climate Change? (P. 106- 107) Articles Sarah Deutschmann The Impact of Digitalisation on the Protection to One’s Own Image in the Employment Context (P. 108 – 129) Julian Laubenstein Consensual Cannibalism: A Case Study on Germany’s MostNotorious Murder
- [01/2024](https://heinelawreview.de/en/01-2024/) - 2024 Vol. 1 (1) Read full Issue Editorial Can Degistirici A More International Approach (P. 1 – 2) Articles Gesa Schlömer Symbiosis of Freedom and Equality – Why Private Autonomy Benefits from Anti-Discrimination Law (P. 3 – 17) Michel Hoppe Section 219a: A Eulogy (P. 18 – 57) Lina Wendland The Legalisation of Egg Donation
- [01/2025](https://heinelawreview.de/en/01-2025/) - 2025 Vol. 2 (1) Read full Issue Editorial Can Degistirici The Reluctance of the German Legal Community to Confront its Nazi Past (P. 1 – 2) Articles Benedikt Frederik Sager The Principle of State Liability and Individual Rights Protection in the European Union (P. 3 – 13) Birte Krüger Conceptions of law under National Socialism:
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## Veranstaltungen

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